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GEN 1 (2010-2014) Ford SVT Raptor Forums
Ford Raptor Suspension Discussion and Modification
Had some new Progressive rate Spring made
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<blockquote data-quote="INI" data-source="post: 377523" data-attributes="member: 1408"><p>More Reading for Shock and Coil Nerds like myself.</p><p></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Modes of Travel, Ride Height, Suspension Height, & Wheel Travel</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Now that we have basic understanding of suspension components and their function, let’s cover a some key suspension terms and definitions. These definitions, and indeed this entire article, is unapologetically written assuming the vehicle has solid axles installed at both front and rear of the vehicle. Unless otherwise specifically mentioned to the contrary, you should read this article assuming we're discussing solid axle suspensions.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Travel: In the strictest sense, travel is just the movement or motion of some component of the suspension, or of the suspension as a whole. All moving components of the suspension have their own travel, thus we have wheel travel, spring travel, shock travel, and suspension travel.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">We can speak of either "total" travel, meaning the entire range of motion from one extreme to another - e.g. "total wheel travel"; or we can speak of some portion of travel -e.g. "up-travel"</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">If we're talking about only some portion of travel, we qualify it in one of two ways:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> If we're talking about the wheels or suspension as a whole we describe it by direction - e.g. up-travel or down-travel; or</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> If we're talking about the shocks or springs, we describe it by the effect on the component - e.g. shock compression.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> If we're talking about the travel of the shocks or springs we have:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Compression: Travel of the spring or shock that occurs as it gets shorter. Spring compression is also known as deflection, crush, displacement from free length, or simply, displacement.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Rebound: Travel of the spring or shock that occurs as it gets longer. Also known as extension.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> If we're talking about the travel of the wheels or suspension as a whole, before we qualify the direction of the travel, we must first distinguish the "mode" of travel. There are three modes of travel, distinguished by how the wheels and chassis are moving relative to one-another. They are:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Ride: The vertical travel that occurs when both wheels on an axle move together the same distance at the same time, relative to the chassis. If both wheels on a solid axle hit a speed-bump at the same time the resulting wheel or suspension travel would be ride travel. During ride travel, the axle remains parallel to the ground and both wheels on that axle remain, more or less, perpendicular to the ground. Sometimes ride is also called heave. Ride travel can be subdivided into:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Compression / Up-travel / Bump - terms that describe the ride travel that occurs when the wheels get closer to the chassis.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Rebound / Down-travel / Droop - terms that describe the ride travel that occurs when the wheels get farther away from the chassis.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Flex: The suspension travel that occurs when one wheel on an axle moves closer to the chassis and the other wheel on that axle moves farther away from the chassis. During flex the wheels on the other axle move in the same direction as their diagonal opposites. In other words, if you stuff the right front wheel, you also stuff the left rear wheel, while the other two wheels droop. Also known as warp travel or articulation. Flex travel can be subdivided into:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Compression / Up-travel / Bump / Jounce / Stuff - terms that describe the motion of the wheels that get closer to the chassis.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Rebound / Down-travel / Droop - terms that describe the motion of the wheels that get farther away from the chassis.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Roll: Roll is the motion that occurs when all four wheels remain more or less fixed in position and the chassis moves relative to the wheels. In roll, the chassis pivots about an imaginary longitudinal axis in such a way that it gets closer to the wheels on one side of the vehicle, and farther away from the wheels on the opposite side. Also known as body-roll or sway, roll is generally an unwanted motion that is related to, but not the same as, flex.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> The following diagrams should help clarify the different modes of travel:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Ride Travel.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"><img src="http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17733&stc=1&d=1362316175" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Axle remains parallel to the ground as it travels vertically.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Flex Travel.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"><img src="http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17734&stc=1&d=1362316196" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Rear axle shown. Front axle will be articulating in opposite direction.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Roll.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"><img src="http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17735&stc=1&d=1362316205" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Note distinction between flex and roll.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> In flex, wheels at opposite corners are doing the same thing (both getting closer too, or farther away from, the chassis).</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Whilst in roll, wheels on the same side are doing the same thing (both getting closer to, or father away from, the chassis).</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">You may be wondering about the distinction between wheel travel and suspension travel. The terms are very closely related and often used interchangeably. However, there is a distinction worth noting:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Wheel travel generally refers to the motion of one wheel on an axle, and can be used to describe that motion either with or without springs / shocks installed.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Suspension travel generally refers to the motion of both wheels on an axle, and is only ever used to describe the motion with springs / shocks installed.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> For example, wheel travel can have two different "values":</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> - a theoretical maximum value, in both ride and flex modes, that is limited by link geometry, driveline angles, and tire to chassis / body clearance; and</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> - an actual installed value, measured or calculated with the springs and shocks (and bumpstops and limit straps) installed.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> In contrast, suspension travel, meaning the motion of the entire suspension as a whole, has only an actual installed value measured or calculated with the springs and shocks (and bumpstops and limit straps) installed.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Clearly many of these travel terms are interchangeable and may be used in more than one context. Care is required when both reading and writing so that confusion may be eliminated or at least reduced to a minimum. With regards to this article, I shall attempt, as far as possible, to stick to the following conventions:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Referring to shock travel - compression & rebound</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Referring to spring travel - compression / deflection & rebound</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Referring to ride travel - bump & droop</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Referring to flex - bump & droop</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Oscillation: Oscillation is a back-and-forth motion. A spring compressing and rebounding is an example of oscillation.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Force: A force is simply a push or a pull. When we apply a force to something, we push it or pull it. Force = Mass times Acceleration. Load is synonymous – when something experiences a load, it has a force applied to it. Weight is a particular load or force, it is the mass of an object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity, measured in pounds.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">An Important Note on Ride Travel</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Ride travel is the simplest mode of travel to model and to understand. Modeling the suspension in terms of ride travel forms the basis for understanding shock and spring geometry. Once we have a firm grasp of the basics, we can then move on to modelling and design in the other modes of travel, which are more complicated. For this reason, Part 1 of the Coilover Bible is written primarily with ride travel in mind, unless otherwise specified.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Ride Height (RH)</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">The height of the chassis or frame above the ground, measured in inches when the vehicle is at static rest - i.e. sitting still on level ground.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Ride height is a fundamental component of vehicle design and is arrived at through careful consideration of the compromises between ground clearance, suspension travel, and stability.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Suspension Height (SH)</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">The position in the suspension's travel where the vehicle sits at ride height, expressed as the amount of droop travel available from static rest, quantified by either:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> the number of inches of available droop, or</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> the percentage of total suspension travel that is available for droop.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">In the latter case, the following examples illustrate the concept:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Suspension Height 0% = suspension at full droop. No more droop available.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Suspension height 50% = suspension in the middle of its travel. Equal amounts of droop and bump available.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Suspension height 100% = suspension at full compression. No bump available.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Suspension height for high speed desert applications usually varies from 30% to 50%. Suspension height for slow speed rockcrawler applications usually varies from 50% to 70%.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Wheel Travel (WT)</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">The total vertical travel of the wheel as the wheel goes from full droop to full bump. Can be expressed for ride travel or flex travel, with values often varying between the two. In this article we shall concern ourselves with wheel travel in ride mode, and discuss other modes in later issues. Wheel travel is a separate value for front and rear axles, although these values can be equal.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">There are two "values" for wheel travel – “max theoretical” and “actual installed”.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Maximum theoretical wheel travel is measured with shocks and springs disconnected. It is limited by link geometry, tire to body clearance, or steering and driveshaft bind.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Actual installed wheel travel is the wheel travel achieved by the complete, installed suspension, including shocks, springs, limit straps and bumpstops.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">To measure wheel travel:</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Support the vehicle chassis with a lift or jack-stands so that the sprung weight is not on the suspension.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Working on one axle at a time, remove the shocks, springs, and any anti-roll bar if installed (for measurement of "max theoretical" wheel travel only). </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> In ride travel mode, bring the axle (i.e. both wheels) to full droop, measure from the floor to the centre of the wheel hub, and note the distance. </span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> In ride travel mode, bring the axle (i.e. both wheels) to full bump, measure from the floor to the centre of the wheel hub, and note the distance.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> Make sure that no suspension link binds with wheels turned to full left and full right. Also check that the desired tire to body clearance is maintained, check all other components (brake components, brake lines, wires, sensors, drive-axles, drive-shafts, CV joints, U-joints and etc.) to make sure they can function properly and that there are no clearance issues.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"> The difference between the two noted distances is the wheel travel.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Droop Travel (DT)</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">The amount of wheel travel, measured from static rest, available for suspension droop. May be expressed as a length, in inches, or as a percentage of total available wheel travel. When expressed as a percentage of total available wheel travel, it is known as suspension height.</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Droop travel is also known as down travel, droop, or rebound travel,</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">Bump Travel (BT)</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow">The amount of wheel travel, measured from static rest, available for bump, or compression. May be expressed as a length, in inches, or as a percentage of total available wheel travel. Equal to total wheel travel minus droop travel (suspension height).</span></p><p><span style="color: Yellow"></span></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="INI, post: 377523, member: 1408"] More Reading for Shock and Coil Nerds like myself. [COLOR="Yellow"]Modes of Travel, Ride Height, Suspension Height, & Wheel Travel Now that we have basic understanding of suspension components and their function, let’s cover a some key suspension terms and definitions. These definitions, and indeed this entire article, is unapologetically written assuming the vehicle has solid axles installed at both front and rear of the vehicle. Unless otherwise specifically mentioned to the contrary, you should read this article assuming we're discussing solid axle suspensions. Travel: In the strictest sense, travel is just the movement or motion of some component of the suspension, or of the suspension as a whole. All moving components of the suspension have their own travel, thus we have wheel travel, spring travel, shock travel, and suspension travel. We can speak of either "total" travel, meaning the entire range of motion from one extreme to another - e.g. "total wheel travel"; or we can speak of some portion of travel -e.g. "up-travel" If we're talking about only some portion of travel, we qualify it in one of two ways: If we're talking about the wheels or suspension as a whole we describe it by direction - e.g. up-travel or down-travel; or If we're talking about the shocks or springs, we describe it by the effect on the component - e.g. shock compression. If we're talking about the travel of the shocks or springs we have: Compression: Travel of the spring or shock that occurs as it gets shorter. Spring compression is also known as deflection, crush, displacement from free length, or simply, displacement. Rebound: Travel of the spring or shock that occurs as it gets longer. Also known as extension. If we're talking about the travel of the wheels or suspension as a whole, before we qualify the direction of the travel, we must first distinguish the "mode" of travel. There are three modes of travel, distinguished by how the wheels and chassis are moving relative to one-another. They are: Ride: The vertical travel that occurs when both wheels on an axle move together the same distance at the same time, relative to the chassis. If both wheels on a solid axle hit a speed-bump at the same time the resulting wheel or suspension travel would be ride travel. During ride travel, the axle remains parallel to the ground and both wheels on that axle remain, more or less, perpendicular to the ground. Sometimes ride is also called heave. Ride travel can be subdivided into: Compression / Up-travel / Bump - terms that describe the ride travel that occurs when the wheels get closer to the chassis. Rebound / Down-travel / Droop - terms that describe the ride travel that occurs when the wheels get farther away from the chassis. Flex: The suspension travel that occurs when one wheel on an axle moves closer to the chassis and the other wheel on that axle moves farther away from the chassis. During flex the wheels on the other axle move in the same direction as their diagonal opposites. In other words, if you stuff the right front wheel, you also stuff the left rear wheel, while the other two wheels droop. Also known as warp travel or articulation. Flex travel can be subdivided into: Compression / Up-travel / Bump / Jounce / Stuff - terms that describe the motion of the wheels that get closer to the chassis. Rebound / Down-travel / Droop - terms that describe the motion of the wheels that get farther away from the chassis. Roll: Roll is the motion that occurs when all four wheels remain more or less fixed in position and the chassis moves relative to the wheels. In roll, the chassis pivots about an imaginary longitudinal axis in such a way that it gets closer to the wheels on one side of the vehicle, and farther away from the wheels on the opposite side. Also known as body-roll or sway, roll is generally an unwanted motion that is related to, but not the same as, flex. The following diagrams should help clarify the different modes of travel: Ride Travel. [IMG]http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17733&stc=1&d=1362316175[/IMG] Axle remains parallel to the ground as it travels vertically. Flex Travel. [IMG]http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17734&stc=1&d=1362316196[/IMG] Rear axle shown. Front axle will be articulating in opposite direction. Roll. [IMG]http://www.fordraptorforum.com/attachment.php?attachmentid=17735&stc=1&d=1362316205[/IMG] Note distinction between flex and roll. In flex, wheels at opposite corners are doing the same thing (both getting closer too, or farther away from, the chassis). Whilst in roll, wheels on the same side are doing the same thing (both getting closer to, or father away from, the chassis). You may be wondering about the distinction between wheel travel and suspension travel. The terms are very closely related and often used interchangeably. However, there is a distinction worth noting: Wheel travel generally refers to the motion of one wheel on an axle, and can be used to describe that motion either with or without springs / shocks installed. Suspension travel generally refers to the motion of both wheels on an axle, and is only ever used to describe the motion with springs / shocks installed. For example, wheel travel can have two different "values": - a theoretical maximum value, in both ride and flex modes, that is limited by link geometry, driveline angles, and tire to chassis / body clearance; and - an actual installed value, measured or calculated with the springs and shocks (and bumpstops and limit straps) installed. In contrast, suspension travel, meaning the motion of the entire suspension as a whole, has only an actual installed value measured or calculated with the springs and shocks (and bumpstops and limit straps) installed. Clearly many of these travel terms are interchangeable and may be used in more than one context. Care is required when both reading and writing so that confusion may be eliminated or at least reduced to a minimum. With regards to this article, I shall attempt, as far as possible, to stick to the following conventions: Referring to shock travel - compression & rebound Referring to spring travel - compression / deflection & rebound Referring to ride travel - bump & droop Referring to flex - bump & droop Oscillation: Oscillation is a back-and-forth motion. A spring compressing and rebounding is an example of oscillation. Force: A force is simply a push or a pull. When we apply a force to something, we push it or pull it. Force = Mass times Acceleration. Load is synonymous – when something experiences a load, it has a force applied to it. Weight is a particular load or force, it is the mass of an object multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity, measured in pounds. An Important Note on Ride Travel Ride travel is the simplest mode of travel to model and to understand. Modeling the suspension in terms of ride travel forms the basis for understanding shock and spring geometry. Once we have a firm grasp of the basics, we can then move on to modelling and design in the other modes of travel, which are more complicated. For this reason, Part 1 of the Coilover Bible is written primarily with ride travel in mind, unless otherwise specified. Ride Height (RH) The height of the chassis or frame above the ground, measured in inches when the vehicle is at static rest - i.e. sitting still on level ground. Ride height is a fundamental component of vehicle design and is arrived at through careful consideration of the compromises between ground clearance, suspension travel, and stability. Suspension Height (SH) The position in the suspension's travel where the vehicle sits at ride height, expressed as the amount of droop travel available from static rest, quantified by either: the number of inches of available droop, or the percentage of total suspension travel that is available for droop. In the latter case, the following examples illustrate the concept: Suspension Height 0% = suspension at full droop. No more droop available. Suspension height 50% = suspension in the middle of its travel. Equal amounts of droop and bump available. Suspension height 100% = suspension at full compression. No bump available. Suspension height for high speed desert applications usually varies from 30% to 50%. Suspension height for slow speed rockcrawler applications usually varies from 50% to 70%. Wheel Travel (WT) The total vertical travel of the wheel as the wheel goes from full droop to full bump. Can be expressed for ride travel or flex travel, with values often varying between the two. In this article we shall concern ourselves with wheel travel in ride mode, and discuss other modes in later issues. Wheel travel is a separate value for front and rear axles, although these values can be equal. There are two "values" for wheel travel – “max theoretical” and “actual installed”. Maximum theoretical wheel travel is measured with shocks and springs disconnected. It is limited by link geometry, tire to body clearance, or steering and driveshaft bind. Actual installed wheel travel is the wheel travel achieved by the complete, installed suspension, including shocks, springs, limit straps and bumpstops. To measure wheel travel: Support the vehicle chassis with a lift or jack-stands so that the sprung weight is not on the suspension. Working on one axle at a time, remove the shocks, springs, and any anti-roll bar if installed (for measurement of "max theoretical" wheel travel only). In ride travel mode, bring the axle (i.e. both wheels) to full droop, measure from the floor to the centre of the wheel hub, and note the distance. In ride travel mode, bring the axle (i.e. both wheels) to full bump, measure from the floor to the centre of the wheel hub, and note the distance. Make sure that no suspension link binds with wheels turned to full left and full right. Also check that the desired tire to body clearance is maintained, check all other components (brake components, brake lines, wires, sensors, drive-axles, drive-shafts, CV joints, U-joints and etc.) to make sure they can function properly and that there are no clearance issues. The difference between the two noted distances is the wheel travel. Droop Travel (DT) The amount of wheel travel, measured from static rest, available for suspension droop. May be expressed as a length, in inches, or as a percentage of total available wheel travel. When expressed as a percentage of total available wheel travel, it is known as suspension height. Droop travel is also known as down travel, droop, or rebound travel, Bump Travel (BT) The amount of wheel travel, measured from static rest, available for bump, or compression. May be expressed as a length, in inches, or as a percentage of total available wheel travel. Equal to total wheel travel minus droop travel (suspension height). [/COLOR] [/QUOTE]
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